ABSTRACT
Poland is a big user of fossil fuels for electricity and heat production. The most important fossil fuel is hard, brown coal and the Polish energy system is based on this source. However, the world has begun to decarbonize the climate and reduce the carbon dioxide and methane which are the main gasses impacting climate change. The main aim of this paper was to recognize changes in Polish coal sector. We focused our attention to the economic situation and employment in coal sector in Poland. The time rage included 1989–2020 and the prognosis 2021–2025. The Polish coal sector faced dramatic changes. The number of hard coal mines decreased from 70 in 1990 to 21 in 2020. In the same timeframe, the prices for hard coal increased from 12.37 PLN/dt to 313.27 PLN/dt. The employment decreased from more than 350 thousand to less than 100 thousand people in hard coal mines. The decrease changes are the effect of strict policies of the European Union. The economic situation of Polish hard coal mines is rather poor. Polish mines achieved negative economic results due to the effect of poor management. We used advanced statistics, including the Augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF), to measure the stationarity of analyzed time series. We also used Generalized AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models and conducted a prognosis. Our research proved that the time series describing the hard coal economic situation were not stationary. The Generalized AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models confirmed big changes in Polish coal sector economic results. The elaborated prognosis of variables proved that the price of hard coal will increase in 2021–2025. Moreover, the economic situation will be worse. Our analysis confirmed that global trends of the hard coal sector were influenced by the European Union (EU) energy policy and closing down the mines. The economic situation of Polish hard coal sector worsened.
ABSTRACT
The article discusses the prospects for increasing the tax potential of the Republic of Karakalpakstan based on the analysis of methods for assessing the tax potential of the region. In particular, an effective budgetary-tax system is reflected in the structure of state budget revenues, as well as ongoing reforms in the sectors of the economy in the regions and changes in world prices for raw materials. In this, the author notes the impact of coronavirus on the economy of Uzbekistan. That is, during the global coronavirus pandemic, the implementation of preferential and other measures provided for certain sectors of the economy and business in the country had a negative impact on the mobilization of budget revenues in 2020. However, the essence of these benefits provided on the basis of a number of important decrees and resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan to mitigate the negative impact of the crisis on the economy and stimulate the real sector of the economy through taxes is highlighted. In this regard, a deep analysis was carried out with information on the results of the work done in the Republic of Karakalpakstan on the above in the context of the regions of the region. From the above, the author carried out a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the results of the representative tax system method with the factual (additive) method widely used in international practice for assessing tax potential. The effectiveness of the results of tax revenues is based on a static state and the economic efficiency of the representative tax system method in the formation of budget revenues of the Republic of Karakalpakstan has been proven. The author proposes the application of the representative tax system method to increase the tax potential of the local budget of the Republic of Karakalpakstan in the future. Copyright © 2022, Anka Publishers. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The Covid-19 pandemic, changes in global political and security conditions, and climate change have brought significant changes to the food production, consumption, and supply chain. The impact of these changes is transmitted to the farm level. Farmers face not only production risk and price risk, but also the risk of market changes triggered by changes in business orientation on fulfilling consumer pReferences. The purpose of this study is to identify changes in the socio-economic and political environment and their impact on farmers and farming, as well as to analyse the responses needed for extension to remain effective and relevant in carrying out its role. This study employed a descriptive comparative approach. Qualitative data obtained through literature studies based on journal articles. This study found that changes in the business environment not only affect farmers and farming but also the food agribusiness system from upstream to downstream. The conventional extension approach is increasingly turning into a more flexible approach and is not only oriented to the needs of farmers but also considers the needs or pReferences of consumers. Extension is no longer a domain or carried out by public institutions but also by private institutions or companies as well. The results of this study are useful for the formulation of public policies in the field of extension as part of responding to changes in the busiess environment, climate change, and information technology.